[1] Sovacool, B.K., 2016. How long will it take? Conceptualizing the temporal dynamics of energy transitions. Energy Research & Social Science, 13, pp.202-215.
[2] Zhang, J. and Usman, M., 2025. Redefining energy policy for sustainable growth: The interplay of fossil fuel subsidies, energy security risks, and energy balances in shaping geopolitical stability. Energy, 322, p.135620.
[3] Li, X., Liu, P., Feng, M., Jordaan, S.M., Cheng, L., Ming, B., Chen, J., Xie, K. and Liu, W., 2024. Energy transition paradox: Solar and wind growth can hinder decarbonization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 192, p.114220.
[4] Mathiesen, B.V., Lund, H., Connolly, D., Wenzel, H., Østergaard, P.A., Möller, B., Nielsen, S., Ridjan, I., Karnøe, P., Sperling, K. and Hvelplund, F.K., 2015. Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. Applied Energy, 145, pp.139-154.
[5] Tong, D., Zhang, Q., Zheng, Y., Caldeira, K., Shearer, C., Hong, C., Qin, Y. and Davis, S.J., 2019. Committed emissions from existing energy infrastructure jeopardize 1.5 C climate target. Nature, 572(7769), pp.373-377.
[6] Bhattacharyya, S.C., 2012. Energy access programmes and sustainable development: A critical review and analysis. Energy for Sustainable Development, 16(3), pp.260-271.
[7] Rahman, M.M., Ghazi, G.A., Al-Ammar, E.A. and Ko, W., 2021, June. Techno-economic analysis of hybrid PV/wind/fuel-cell system for EVCS. In IEEE 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE), 12-13 June 2021, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 1-6.
[8] Jahangiri, M., Nematollahi, O., Sedaghat, A. and Saghafian, M., 2015. Techno-economic assessment of renewable energies integrated with fuel cells for off-grid electrification: A case study for developing countries. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 7(2), p. 023123.
[9] Kalinci, Y., Dincer, I. and Hepbasli, A., 2017. Energy and exergy analyses of a hybrid hydrogen energy system: A case study for Bozcaada. international journal of hydrogen energy, 42(4), pp.2492-2503.
[10] Alayi, R., Jahangiri, M., Guerrero, J.W.G., Akhmadeev, R., Shichiyakh, R.A. and Zanghaneh, S.A., 2021. Modelling and reviewing the reliability and multi-objective optimization of wind-turbine system and photovoltaic panel with intelligent algorithms. Clean Energy, 5(4), pp.713-730.
[11] Dehkordi, M.H.R., Isfahani, A.H.M., Rasti, E., Nosouhi, R., Akbari, M. and Jahangiri, M., 2022. Energy-Economic-Environmental assessment of solar-wind-biomass systems for finding the best areas in Iran: A case study using GIS maps. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 53, p.102652.
[12] Jahangiri, M., Yousefi, Y., Pishkar, I., Hosseini Dehshiri, S.J., Hosseini Dehshiri, S.S. and Fatemi Vanani, S.M., 2023. Techno–econo–enviro energy analysis, ranking and optimization of various building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) types in different climatic regions of Iran. Energies, 16(1), p.546.
[13] Pohekar, S.D. and Ramachandran, M., 2004. Application of multi-criteria decision making to sustainable energy planning—A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 8(4), pp.365-381.
[14] Wang, J.J., Jing, Y.Y., Zhang, C.F. and Zhao, J.H., 2009. Review on multi-criteria decision analysis aid in sustainable energy decision-making. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(9), pp.2263-2278.
[15] Kaya, T. and Kahraman, C., 2010. Multicriteria renewable energy planning using an integrated fuzzy VIKOR & AHP methodology: The case of Istanbul. Energy, 35(6), pp.2517-2527.
[16] Behzadian, M., Otaghsara, S.K., Yazdani, M. and Ignatius, J., 2012. A state-of-the-art survey of TOPSIS applications. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(17), pp.13051-13069.
[17] Abdollahiarpanahi, S., Jahangiri, M., Shahgholian, S. and Taheri, M., 2024. Finding the Best Station in Canada for Using Residential Scale Solar Heating: A Multicriteria Decision‐Making Analysis. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2024(1), p.8843981.
[18] Jahangiri, M., Abolhasani, M. and Noorbakhsh, S.M., 2024. The potential of renewable energy sources in providing sustainable power for natural disaster zones: TOPSIS method for Gaziantep, Turkey. Journal of Solar Energy Research, 9(2), pp.1887-1901.
[19] Saltelli, A., Bammer, G., Bruno, I., Charters, E., Di Fiore, M., Didier, E., Nelson Espeland, W., Kay, J., Lo Piano, S., Mayo, D. and Pielke Jr, R., 2020. Five ways to ensure that models serve society: a manifesto. Nature, 582(7813), pp.482-484.
[20] Kumar, A., Sah, B., Singh, A.R., Deng, Y., He, X., Kumar, P. and Bansal, R.C., 2017. A review of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) towards sustainable renewable energy development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, pp.596-609.
[21] Helton, J.C. and Davis, F.J., 2003. Latin hypercube sampling and the propagation of uncertainty in analyses of complex systems. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 81(1), pp.23-69.
[22] Pfenninger, S., DeCarolis, J., Hirth, L., Quoilin, S. and Staffell, I., 2017. The importance of open data and software: Is energy research lagging?. Energy Policy, 101, pp.211-215.
[23] Pfenninger, S. and Keirstead, J., 2015. Renewables, nuclear, or fossil fuels? Scenarios for Great Britain’s power system considering costs, emissions and energy security. Applied Energy, 152, pp.83-93.
[24] Tröndle, T., Lilliestam, J., Marelli, S. and Pfenninger, S., 2020. Trade-offs between geographic scale, cost, and infrastructure requirements for fully renewable electricity in Europe. Joule, 4(9), pp.1929-1948.
[25] Keshavarzi, R. and Jahangiri, M., 2024. Synergizing wind, solar, and biomass power: ranking analysis of off-grid system for different weather conditions of Iran. Energy Engineering: Journal of the Association of Energy Engineers, 121(6), p.1381.
[26] Panteli, M. and Mancarella, P., 2015. The grid: Stronger, bigger, smarter?: Presenting a conceptual framework of power system resilience. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 13(3), pp.58-66.
[27] Muzayanah, I.F.U., Lean, H.H., Hartono, D., Indraswari, K.D. and Partama, R., 2022. Population density and energy consumption: A study in Indonesian provinces. Heliyon, 8(9), p. e10634.
[28] Wiser, R., Jenni, K., Seel, J., Baker, E., Hand, M., Lantz, E. and Smith, A., 2016. Expert elicitation survey on future wind energy costs. Nature Energy, 1(10), pp.1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.135
[29] Talebi, M., Jahangiri, M. and Riahi, R., 2023. Finding the best station to use building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) in eight different climates of Iran: effect of wind speed and photovoltaic module type. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 2023(1), p.4213468.
[30] Pryor, S.C. and Barthelmie, R.J., 2010. Climate change impacts on wind energy: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1), pp.430-437.
[31] Jahangiri, M., Akinlabi, E.T. and Sichilalu, S.M., 2021. Assessment and Modeling of Household‐Scale Solar Water Heater Application in Zambia: Technical, Environmental, and Energy Analysis. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2021(1), p.6630338.
[32] Panteli, M., Trakas, D.N., Mancarella, P. and Hatziargyriou, N.D., 2017. Power systems resilience assessment: Hardening and smart operational enhancement strategies. Proceedings of the IEEE, 105(7), pp.1202-1213.
[33] Statistical Center of Iran, 2024. www.amar.org.ir [Available 19 October 2023]
[34] Seddighi, H. and Seddighi, S., 2020. How much the Iranian government spent on disasters in the last 100 years? A critical policy analysis. Cost effectiveness and resource allocation, 18, pp. 1-11.
[35] Ganoe, R.D., Stackhouse Jr., P.W. and DeYoung, R.J., 2014. RETScreen Plus software tutorial (No. NASA/TM-2014-218544). https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20150000447/downloads/20150000447.pdf [Available 05 July 2026]
[36] Tröndle, T., Pfenninger, S. and Lilliestam, J., 2019. Home-made or imported: On the possibility for renewable electricity autarky on all scales in Europe. Energy Strategy Reviews, 26, p.100388.
[37] Summary of the statistical status of the country's renewable electricity industry, Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Organization (SATBA), 2025. https://amar.satba.gov.ir/fa/tablesandcharts [Accessed 13 December 2025]
[38] Shahgholian, S., Taheri, M. and Jahangiri, M., 2023. Investigating the Cost‐Effectiveness of Solar Electricity Compared to Grid Electricity in the Capitals of Middle Eastern Countries: A Residential Scale Case Study. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2023(1), p.8028307.
[39] Jahangiri, M., Khalili Geshnigani, M., Beigi Kheradmand, A. and Riahi, R., 2023. Meeting the hospital oxygen demand with a decentralized autonomous PV system: effect of PV tracking systems. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Electrical Engineering, 47(2), pp.601-615.
[40] Pishkar, I., Mehrabi Gohari, E., Torabi Anaraki, M. and Jahangiri, M., 2025. Decarbonizing transport: Energy, economic and environmental insights from EV charging stations. Energy Equipment and Systems, 13(4), pp.415-429.
[41] Soltani, S.R.K., Mostafaeipour, A., Mishra, P., Alidoost, S., Jahangiri, M. and Kar, M.A., 2025. Green hydrogen production and prediction using floating photovoltaic panels on wastewater ponds. Renewable Energy, 243, p.122554.
[42] Karimi, M., Heidarigoujani, H., Jahangiri, M., Seryani, A., Kiani Harchegani, E. and Mohamadi Janaki, D., 2025. Design of a reverse osmosis water treatment system and power supply of pumps using solar energy in Sweden, a case study for big cities. Smart Science, pp.1-21.
[43] Jahangiri, M., Moradi, B., Moradi, M. and Karami Borujeni, M., 2025. Exploring the Feasibility of Solar‐Driven Desalination for Drinking Water in Chabahar, Iran. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2025(1), p.8649125.
[44] Jahangiri, M., Nematollahi, O., Haghani, A., Raiesi, H.A. and Alidadi Shamsabadi, A., 2019. An optimization of energy cost of clean hybrid solar-wind power plants in Iran. International Journal of Green Energy, 16(15), pp.1422-1435.
[45] Jahangiri, M., Mostafaeipour, A., Ghalishooyan, M. and Bakhtdehkordi, M., 2024. Evaluation of residential-scale wind-solar electricity and hydrogen in Pakistan: Production capacity assessment. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 71, p.103971.
[46] Yadav, B.K., Yadav, R., Jahangiri, M., Priya, S.S., Bajracharya, T.R. and Sudhakar, K., 2024. Decarbonizing an airport using solar and wind farms: A case of Biratnagar, Nepal. e-Prime-Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 8, p.100583.
[47] Jahangiri, M., Khorsand Dehkordi, M. and Khorsand Dehkordi, S., 2023. Potential measurement of electricity supply. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 18, pp.1067-1076.
[48] Cao, J., Gao, X., Shen, X., Zhong, W., Ren, H. and Ke, S., 2025. Impact of hub height for enhanced performance of wind turbines under varying atmospheric stability. Applied Energy, 401, p.126787.
[49] Qamar, S.H., Habib, O.A.F.S., Said, Z., Gomes, J. and Alodhayb, A.N., 2026. Comprehensive energy modeling and optimization of hybrid PV-Wind systems for Ankara, Türkiye and Fujairah, UAE. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 29, p.101520.
[50] Kapen, P.T. and Wamba, M.D., 2026. Hydrogen and electricity production from Mount Cameroon’s energy potential: Seismic imaging, techno-environmental-socio-economic assessment, and sensitivity considerations of a zero-carbon Fuel cell/Geothermal/Electrolyzer hybrid system. Energy Conversion and Management: X, 30, p.101637.
[51] Jahangiri, M., Haghani, A., Raeisi, H.A. and Mostafaeipour, A., 2023. Generating electricity using a pico hydro-based power plant in Koohrang county, Iran: effect of energy storage type. Hydrogen, Fuel Cell & Energy Storage, 11(1), pp.19-38.
[52] Adesina, L.M., Lawal, J., Ogunbiyi, O., Musa, A., Ojuolape, B.J., Balogun, M.O. and Ariyo, B.O., 2026. Optimization and techno-economic analysis of hybrid renewable systems in Nigeria. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 24(1), pp.343-358.
[53] Avcı, A.S., Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of a Biomass-Based Hybrid Renewable Energy System for an Off-Grid Livestock Facility. European Journal of Technology (EJT), 15(2), pp.273-282.
[54] Arifin, Z., Prasetyo, S.D., Trisnoaji, Y. and Rosli, M.A.M., 2026. Integrating Clean Mobility with Renewable Energy: Techno-Economic and Environmental Feasibility of On-Grid Hybrid Photovoltaic–Biogas Systems. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 12(1), p.100718.
[55] Atoum, I., Otoom, A.A., Baklizi, M. and Alkomah, F., 2026. Hybrid Fuzzy MCDM for Process-Aware Optimization of Agile Scaling in Industrial Software Projects. Processes, 14(2), p.232.
[56] Tapia, L.D.D., Velásquez, P.C.M. and Duque, D.F.M., 2025. Optimizing Energy Alternatives in Colombia’s Isolated Regions: A Multi-Criteria Evaluation. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 15(2), p.270.
[57] Ahmadi, A., Hajinezhad, A., Fattahi, R. and Moosavian, S.F., 2025. Techno‐Economic Comparison of Battery–Flywheel with Battery–Hydrogen Storage System in the Vicinity of Off‐Grid HRES for Four Climates: MCDM Method. Energy Science & Engineering, 13(5), pp.2512-2529.
[58] Akbar, M.A., Smolander, K., Mahmood, S. and Alsanad, A., 2022. Toward successful DevSecOps in software development organizations: A decision-making framework. Information and Software Technology, 147, p.106894.
[59] Mitra, R., Das, J. and Kamruzzaman, M., 2023. Application of TOPSIS method for flood susceptibility mapping using Excel and GIS. MethodsX, 11, p.102263.
[60] Radulescu, C.Z., Radulescu, M. and Boncea, R., 2024. A Linear Trade-off Group TOPSIS method with application for Internet of Things devices ranking. Procedia Computer Science, 242, pp.528-535.
[61] Saltelli, A., Ratto, M., Andres, T., Campolongo, F., Cariboni, J., Gatelli, D., Saisana, M. and Tarantola, S., 2008. Global sensitivity analysis: the primer. John Wiley & Sons.
[62] Pianosi, F., Beven, K., Freer, J., Hall, J.W., Rougier, J., Stephenson, D.B. and Wagener, T., 2016. Sensitivity analysis of environmental models: A systematic review with practical workflow. Environmental Modelling & Software, 79, pp.214-232.
[63] Abud, T.P., Augusto, A.A., Fortes, M.Z., Maciel, R.S. and Borba, B.S., 2022. State-of-the-art Monte Carlo method applied to power system analysis with distributed generation. Energies, 16(1), p.394.
[64] Rubinstein, R.Y. and Kroese, D.P., 2016. Simulation and the Monte Carlo method. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
[65] Marinković, G., Ilić, Z., Trifković, M., Tatalović, J. and Božić, M., 2022. Optimization methods as a basis for decision-making in land consolidation projects ranking. Land, 11(9), p.1466.
[66] Angilella, S. and Pappalardo, M.R., 2022. Performance assessment of energy companies employing hierarchy stochastic multi-attribute acceptability analysis. Operational Research, 22(1), pp.299-370.
[67] Nuzzo, R.L., 2016. The box plot as an alternative for visualizing quantitative data. PM&R, 8(3), pp.268-272.
[68] Moradi, B., Jahangiri, M., Khechekhouche, A., Mehr, M.S.H. and Nahavandi, M., 2025. Towards Resilient Energy Decisions: Integrating Scenario-Based Weighting and Monte Carlo Sensitivity in Hybrid Renewable System Selection in Algeria. Results in Engineering, p.107020.
[69] Jahangiri, M., 2025. Life cycle assessment and SAW-Based ranking of renewable electricity and hydrogen production scenarios for sustainable residential architecture: A case study in Kerman, Iran. Energy, p.138767.
[70] Yakub, A.O., Same, N.N., Owolabi, A.B., Nsafon, B.E.K., Suh, D. and Huh, J.S., 2022. Optimizing the performance of hybrid renewable energy systems to accelerate a sustainable energy transition in Nigeria: A case study of a rural healthcare centre in Kano. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, p. 100906.
[71] Hermann, D.T., Armel, T.K.F., René, T.C.H.I.N.D.A. and Donatien, N.J.O.M.O., 2022. Consideration of some optimization techniques to design a hybrid energy system for a building in Cameroon. Energy and Built Environment, 3(2), pp. 233-249.
[72] Aboudou, K.M. and El Ganaoui, M., 2019. Design of a hybrid system for rural area electricity supply in Comoros. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 7(2), pp. 59-78.
[73] Mostafaeipour, A., Qolipour, M., Rezaei, M. and Goudarzi, H., 2020. Techno-economic assessment of using a wind power system for the tribal region of Gachsaran in Iran. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 18(2), pp.293-307.
[74] Shamsipour, R., Nohegar, A., Ehsani, A.H. and Daryabeigi Zand, A., 2025. Optimal Production Locations for Off‐Grid Wind–Solar–Biomass Energy Systems in Isfahan, Iran: A Case Study. International Journal of Energy Research, 2025(1), p.6482615.
[75] Mirzakhani, A. and Pishkar, I., 2023. Finding the best configuration of an off-grid PV-Wind-Fuel cell system with battery and generator backup: a remote house in Iran. Journal of Solar Energy Research, 8(2), pp.1380-1392.
[76] Najafi, M., Kiani, H., Nazari, M.H., Gharepetian, G.B., Hosseinian, S.H. and Sarbazi, J., 2024, February. Evaluating the non-participation penalty in renewable energy utilization to supply a portion of electricity for large industries in Iran. In 2024 IEEE 9th International Conference on Technology and Energy Management (ICTEM), 14-15 February 2024, Behshar, Iran, pp. 1-7.
[77] Pishkar, I. and Mehrabi Gohari, E., 2025. Sustainable Water Supply Solutions: Examining the Feasibility of Reverse Osmosis Systems in Shahrekord City. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 16(2), pp.240-252.
