AUT Journal of Electrical Engineering

AUT Journal of Electrical Engineering

A Half Hexagonal Fractal L-Band Antenna with SAR Analysis for Wearable Application

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
1 Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik, 422213, India.
2 Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
3 Sandip Institute of Engineering and Management, Nashik, 422213, India
10.22060/eej.2026.25667.5989
Abstract
This paper presents the design, comprehensive analysis, and experimental validation of a flexible, wearable antenna optimized for operation in the L-band frequency spectrum. The proposed antenna utilizes a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding structure and is realized on the polyethylene substrate characterized by a dielectric constant of 2.5 and a thickness of 1.5 mm. With compact dimensions of, 90 x 144 x 1.5 mm3, the antenna offers excellent mechanical flexibility, low profile, and high radiation efficiency, making it ideally suitable for integration in 1.6 GHz L-band for precise and robust navigation performance. Electromagnetic simulations and prototype measurements confirm broadband impedance matching, consistent radiation patterns, and stable gain performance under various bending radii, ensures mechanical robustness and electromagnetic reliability in dynamic on-body conditions. To assess user safety and electromagnetic exposure, a specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis is performed using a three-layer human tissue-equivalent phantom for both 1-gram and 10-gram tissue masses. Evaluations are conducted across multiple proximity scenarios, including direct skin contact and spatial offsets of 1 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm from the body surface. The observed SAR values comply with international safety standards, remaining below the regulatory thresholds of 1.6 W/kg (IEEE) and 2.0 W/kg (ICNIRP), thereby confirming the antenna’s viability for safe and reliable use in wearable biomedical applications.
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Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 15 November 2026