A New Method for Detecting Ships in Low Size and Low Contrast Marine Images: Using Deep Stacked Extreme Learning Machines

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 IROST

2 Department of Electrical, Biomedical and Mechatronics Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.

3 Department of Electrical, Biomedical and Mechatronics Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

Abstract

Detecting ships in marine images is an essential problem in maritime surveillance systems. In recent years deep neural networks have been utilized as a tool having high potential to overcome the challenges of this application. Unfortunately the performance of such networks greatly drops when they are exposed to low size and low contrast optical images which have been captured by ground, aerial and satellite based systems. On the other hand, image clutters (e.g. sea waves, cloud and wave sequences caused by the floats) may exacerbate this problem. In this paper a new method is proposed to improve the performance of deep neural networks in detecting ships in low size and low contrast marine images which has been based on the concept of deep stacked extreme learning machines. In proposed method the extracted features have more generality in modeling of marine images based on superposition of dedicated mapping functions of extreme learning machines. Furthermore they have the minimal overlap thanks to performing decorrelation process on features which are propagated between network layers. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on several marine images which have been captured in sunny, rainy and hazy conditions. The obtained results are compared with some other state-of-the-art detection methods by using standard parameters. Increased F-measure of the proposed method (i.e. 3.5 percent compared to its closest alternative) in parallel with its better accuracy, recall and precision shows its effectiveness in detecting ships in low size and low contrast marine images.

Keywords

Main Subjects


 
1-      Tang, J., Deng, C., Huang, G., and Zhu, B., 2015. Compressed-domain ship detection on space borne optical image using deep neural network and extreme learning machine. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 53(3), pp. 1174-1185.
2-      Zhang, S. P., Qi, Z. H., and Zhang, D. L., 2009. Ship tracking using background subtraction and inter-frame correlation. International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Tianjin, China, pp. 1–4.
3-       Fefilatyev, S., Goldgof, D., and Lembke, C., 2010. Tracking ships from fast moving camera through image registration. IEEE Conference on Pattern Recognition, California, USA, pp. 3500–3503.
4-      Wu, J. W., Mao, S., Wang, X., and Zhang, T., 2011. Ship target detection and tracking in cluttered infrared imagery. Optical Engineering, 50(5), pp. 1-13.
5- Qi S. X., Wu, J., Zhu, Q., and Kang, M., 2018. Low-resolution ship detection from high-altitude aerial images. International Symposium on Multispectral Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Xiangyang, China, pp. 1-8.
6- Wei, X. F., Wang, X. Q., and Chong, J. S., 2018. Local region power spectrum-based unfocused ship detection method in synthetic aperture radar images. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 12(1), pp. 1-18.
7- Deng C. H., Cao, Z., Zhiwen, F., and Yu, Z., 2013. Ship detection from optical satellite image using optical flow and saliency. MIPPR 2013: Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision, International Symposium on Multispectral Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan, China, pp. 1-7.
8- Yang, F., Xu, Q., and Li, B., 2017.  Ship detection from optical satellite images based on saliency segmentation and structure-LBP feature.  IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 14(5), pp. 602–606.
9- Corbane, C., Najman, L., Pecoul, E., Demagistri, L., and Petit, M., 2010. A complete processing chain for ship detection using optical satellite imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31(22), pp. 5837–5854.
10- Long, X., Ji, K., and Zhou, S., 2016. An adaptive ship detection scheme for space borne SAR imagery. Sensors, 16(9), pp. 1-22.
11- Kanjir, U., Greidanus, H., and Oštir, K., 2018. Vessel detection and classification from spaceborne optical images: A literature survey. Remote Sensing of Environment, 207 (1), pp. 1–26.
12- Haichao, L., Liang C., Feng L., and Meiyu H., 2019. Ship detection and tracking method for satellite video based on multiscale saliency and surrounding contrast analysis. Applied Remote Sensing, 13(2), pp. 1-17.
13- Margarit, G., and Tabasco, A., 2011. Ship classification in single-pol SAR images based on fuzzy logic. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49 (8), pp. 3129–3138.
14- Yang, G., Li, B., Ji, S., Gao, F., and Xu, Q., 2014. Ship detection from optical satellite images based on sea surface analysis. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 11(3), pp. 641–645 (2014).
15- Wang, X., and Chen, C., 2017. Ship detection for complex background SAR images based on a multiscale variance weighted image entropy method. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 14(2), pp. 184–187.
16- Xu, F., Liu, J., Dong, C. and Wang, X., 2017. Ship detection in optical remote sensing images based on wavelet transform and multi-level false alarm identification. Remote Sensing, 9(10), pp. 1-19.
17- Jingwei, Y., Qian W., Qianqian, L., Xinqiang C.,  and Zhibin, L., 2018. A Novel Ship Detector Based on Gaussian Mixture Model and K-Means Algorithm. International Conference on Applications and Techniques in Cyber Security and Intelligence, Shanghai, China, pp. 639-646.
18- Proia, N., and Pagé, V., 2010. Characterization of a Bayesian ship detection method in optical satellite images. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 7(2), pp. 226–230.
19- Khesali, E., Enayati, H., Modiri, and M. Aref., 2015. Automatic ship detection in Single-Pol SAR Images using texture features in artificial neural networks. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 40, pp. 395–399.
20- Yang., X., Sun, H., Fu, K., 2018. Automatic ship detection in remote sensing images from google earth of complex scenes based on multistate rotation dense feature pyramid networks. Remote Sensing, 10, pp. 1-14.
21- Zhang, R., Yao, J., Zhang, K., Feng, C., and Zhang, J., 2016. S-CNN-based ship detection from high-resolution remote sensing images. ISPRS The International Archives of the Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XLI-B7, pp. 423–430.
22- Li, Q., Mou, L., Liu, Q., Wang, Y., and Zhu, X., 2018. HSF-Net: Multiscale deep feature embedding for ship detection in optical remote sensing imagery. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 56 (12), pp. 7147-61.
23- Yang X., Sun, H., Sun, X., and Yan, M., 2018. Position detection and direction prediction for arbitrary-oriented ships via multitask rotation region convolutional neural network. IEEE Access. 6, pp. 50839–50849.
24- Yao, Y., Jiang, Z., Zhang, H., Zhao, D., and Cai, B., 2017. Ship detection in optical remote sensing images based on deep convolutional neural networks. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 11(4), pp. 1-12.
25- Huang, W., and Sun, F., 2015. A deep and stable extreme learning approach for classification and regression. Proceedings of ELM-2014, pp. 141-150.
26- Albadr, M., and Tiun, S., 2017. Extreme Learning Machine: A Review. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(14): pp. 4610-4623.
27- Khellal, A., Ma, H., and Fei, Q., 2018. Convolutional neural network based on extreme learning machine for maritime ships recognition in infrared images. Sensors, 18 (5): pp. 1490.
28- Mittelman, R., Lee, H., Kuipers, B., and Savarese,   S., 2013. Weakly supervised learning of mid-level features with Beta-Bernoulli process restricted Boltzmann machines. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Portland, USA, pp. 476-483.
29- Lei, M., Yu, L., Xueliang, Z., Yuanxin, Y., Gaofei, Y., and Brian Alan., 2019. Deep learning in remote sensing applications: A meta-analysis and review, Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 152, pp. 166-177.
30- Srivastava, N., and Salakhutdinov, R., 2014. Multimodal learning with deep Boltzmann machines. Advances in neural information processing Systems. Journal of Machine Learning Researches, 15, pp. 2949-2980.